Glossary

A gradual change in the material properties of metals and alloys over time at ambient conditions resulting in the metals increasing in hardness and tensile strength as well as a reduction in ductility.

Term commonly pertaining to steel when combined with small amounts of elements other than carbon to increase hardness, strength or chemical resistance properties. Nickel, chromium, silicon, manganese, tungsten, molybdenum and vanadium are typical alloy elements. The addition of chromium results in stainless steel.

Steel that is hot dip coated with an aluminum silicon alloy that has a strong chemical bond between the two metals. Aluminized steel is corrosion resistant and can withstand temperatures up to 800°C so it is commonly used in oven construction.

A heating and cooling operation with a controlled cooling rate. Annealing is typically used to remove stresses and lower ductility in metals but may be used to alter other physical properties.

American National Standards Institute

American Society for Testing and Materials

Heating at a set temperature in order to change the properties or appearance of a substance.

An oven designed to process a load of product through a thermal heating cycle. Product is loaded prior to and unloaded after the batch is complete. Batch oven designs range from small bench top lab units to extremely large industrial duty machines.

The amount of heat energy required to increase the temperature of one pound of water by 1°F. It is equivalent to 1055 Joules. It is roughly the same amount of heat generated from one lighted kitchen match.

The amount of thermal energy needed to raise one gram of water 1°C.

Movable car capable of supporting the weight of the workload into and out of the oven chamber.

A mark that designates compliance with European Union (EU) requirements for products sold in Europe.

A temperature scale with 0°C defined as the freezing point and 100°C as the boiling point of water at sea level.

Hard, brittle material compound comprised of a metallic element and other elements such as oxygen nitrogen, carbon or sulfur. The compound is noncorrosive, and is a good electrical insulator. Glass is an example of a type of ceramic.

The primary air mover in a heat processing zone. The circulation fan moves air through the combustion chamber to be heated to set temperature and then introduced into the workspace to impinge the product, and back again to be recirculated. Proper sizing of the circulation fan is critical for the application.

A process where a substance reacts with oxygen to produce a rise in temperature and the emission of light.

Combustion blowers provide a sufficient volume of air, which is mixed with natural gas to enable efficient burning of the fuel mixture.

Transfer of heat from higher temperature to lower temperature within an object or between objects in direct contact with each other.

Property of a material to convey heat or electricity. Materials with high conductivity are called conductors and materials with low conductivity are called insulators.

A Dryer that has a conveying system to move the product through the oven in a continuous manner.

An oven that has a conveying system to move the product through the oven in a continuous manner.

The transfer of heat from a source or higher temperature area in a gas or liquid by the movement and mixing of the masses.

An oven designed to circulate heated air into the work chamber.

Canadian Standards Association, a testing and approval agency.

Canadian UL – often accepted by customers who would normally require CSA approval.

The mass of an object divided by its volume – expressed in lbs/cu-ft or kg/cu-m.

Heat processing system where air is directly heated with the burner and is circulated to the work zone.

A particular design of heat treatment oven used for tempering and annealing steel.

A heat processing system designed to provide a heat treatment cycle to a product in an elevated heating chamber. Automatic doors on the bottom of the oven are opened following the heat cycle enabling the product to be dropped into a liquid solution for rapid cooling.

A general term for heat processing equipment used in applications that require removal of moisture.

The removal of moisture from a product using a combination of heat and air movement.

A process that absorbs heat.

A measure of heat transferred during a heating process. Also known as total heat or heat content. Enthalpy is calculated as the sum of the internal energy of a system plus the product of its volume multiplied by the pressure.

An Exhaust Fan is used in heat processing applications to remove moist air or products of combustion (VOC’s).

A chemical process that generates heat.

A Temperature scale with 32°F defined as the freezing point of water and 212°F as the boiling point of water – at sea level.

Factory Mutual – a third party approval agency, which tests and approves equipment for service in various areas and conditions.

A device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Hydrogen is commonly used to make fuel cells.

A general term for industrial heat processing equipment that require operating temperatures greater than 1000°F.

Steel coated with a layer of Zinc during a process called hot-dip galvanizing. The Zinc will combine with Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide to form Zinc Carbonate a protective substance that prevents further corrosion to the coated steel. Galvanized steel is suitable for temperature applications of up to 392 °F (200 °C) and is not widely used in heat processing applications.

Thermal energy expressed in Calories, BTUs or Joules.

A device that allows heat transfer from one medium to another without a physical mixing of the medium. Heat exchangers are used when it is desirable to separate the combustion gases from the heat process.

A machine or series of devices which includes a heat source, a heat or work chamber, heat transfer medium (usually air), loading and unloading systems and a control system.

The material; solid, liquid or gas, used to transfer heat from the heat source to the desired object.

Alternating heating and cooling cycles to metals and alloys to obtain desired material hardness or other characteristics for further processing.

An Industrial dryer or oven that incorporates different heating technologies throught the design such as infrared and forced air convection.

To strike or collide with. In convection ovens or dryers, impingement air describes the process of forcing heated air to come in contact with the product. Properly designed air impingement systems reduce temperature differentials within an oven and will generally improve the heat processing process.

Heat processing system incorporating a heat exchanger. Combustion air circulates inside of the heat exchanger and is prevented from circulating through the work chamber. The heat exchanger is used to heat the air that is circulated through the work chamber.

A general term for heat processing equipment used in industrial applications that require removal of moisture.

A general term for industrial heat processing equipment that requires operating temperatures greater than 1000°F.

A general term for an enclosed, insulated heated compartment for baking substances, curing epoxies, heat-treating metals, firing ceramics and other industrial heat processing applications.

Radiation light energy with wavelengths longer than visible light but shorter than microwaves. Infrared, also known as IR, is used in heating applications when it is desirable to have the work object absorb heat energy instead of heating the air around the work object. Successful Infrared applications match the IR heat source wavelengths to the heat absorbing characteristics of the material to be heated.

Material with low heat conducting properties used to reduce heat transfer between materials with high heat conductivity.

An international unit of thermal energy. One Joule of heat is equivalent to One Watt – Second. It is also equal to one Newton Meter (Nm). The term Joule (J) is named after James Prescott Joule, a scientist who developed the theory of the conservation of energy.

An absolute temperature scale – 0 Kelvin is absolute zero, the point where all molecular activity stops. It is interesting to note that the degree symbol is not used in the Kelvin scale. The freezing point of water is 0°C = 273.15K; the boiling point of water is 100°C = 373.15K.

An electrical unit of energy – equal to one kilowatt in one hour. Also equal to 3412 BTU per hour.

Ovens that are physically too large to ship from the Lanly factory in Cleveland, OH are sent out in subassemblies and constructed in the field at the user’s Facility. These installations are referred to as “Knock Down Construction” jobs.

A first event circuit monitoring device developed by The Lanly Company to monitor electrical interlocks in industrial oven and dryer control systems.

Amount of air required to replace the air that needs to be exhausted from the oven.

A Fibrous, woollike material made from molten slag and formed into thick sheets. Mineral wool is inserted within floor, side and ceiling panels of ovens for heat insulation.

National Electrical Code – regulations and specifications for wiring as published by the National Fire Protection Association.

National Electrical Manufacturer’s Association

National Fire Protection Association – an International Codes and Standards Organization.

National Pipe Thread

US Government agency, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (or Agency). Specifies and enforces safety in the workplace.

A general term for an enclosed, insulated heated compartment for baking substances, curing epoxies, heat-treating metals, firing ceramics and other industrial heat processing applications.

A method of joining the edges of two pieces of sheet metal to form a locking corner seam. The edge of the first piece of sheet metal is formed into a simple 90° flange approximately 1/4 inch wide. The edge of the second piece is formed into an “N” shaped pocket with an extended edge. The pocket is deep enough to accommodate the flange from the first piece and the two pieces are joined lengthwise. The extended edge of the second piece is peened back over the first piece to complete the seam.

A vertical oven constructed below floor level arranged for the loading of parts in a metal basket.

To remove undesirable gases from the oven and combustion chamber prior to combustion by exhausting the volatile gases and introducing fresh replacement air. Purge cycles are measured in complete volumetric changes of air. A purge circuit includes sensors and timers to ensure the required number of air changes are completed prior to granting permission to the operator to light the burner.

Rapid cooling in a liquid of a part immediately after heating.

A term used to define the time it takes to raise the temperature from ambient to the soak temperature. Also used as the time it takes to lower from soak temperature to ambient temperature.

An absolute temperature scale similar to Kelvin – 0 Degrees is absolute zero – except the Fahrenheit temperature scale is used. The freezing point of water is 491.67 Deg R and the boiling point is 671.64 Deg R and 0 Deg F = 459.67 Deg R.

Temperature scale similar to Celsius where the freezing point of water is set equal to zero and the boiling point of water is set equal to 80.

Resistance temperature detectors are sensors made of materials that predictably change resistance with temperature. Many RTD’s are made from platinum and are also known as Platinum Resistance Thermometers or PRT’s. RTD’s are considered more accurate than thermocouples.

Society of Automotive Engineers. An organization that publishes engineering specifications related to the automotive industry.

Society of Automotive Engineers Aerospace Materials Specification.

A continuous dryer designed for the specific needs of the snack food industry. Comprised of stainless steel components for corrosion resistance. Aluminized steel construction is also widely used amongst the industry.

A term used to define the time a product is subjected to a particular temperature within the oven work chamber.

Heat treatment thermal cycle of a solid object followed by a rapid cooling in a liquid.

Comparison of the mass of an object to the mass of water. Calculated as a ratio greater than, equal to’ or less than 1.0.

The ratio of the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of a mass of any material one degree to that required to raise the temperature of an equal mass of water one degree. Note, since the measurement is a ratio the temperature scale doesn’t matter as long as it is the same for both measurements.

A steel alloy containing a minimum of 10.5% chromium. The chromium content enables stainless steel to resist stains, rust and corrosion longer than ordinary carbon steel. The chromium will combine with oxygen – to form a Chromium Oxide barrier preventing the formation of Iron Oxide (rust) within the metal.

Heat treat thermal cycle to remove residual stress in a part.

Heat Treat thermal cycle after quench to increase the toughness of the material. Also referred to as drawing or drawing the temper.

A measurement of the maximum stress a material can withstand without plastic deformation. Tensile strength is measured in force per unit area – pounds per square inch (PSI ) for example.

Material used for manufacture of woven or nonwoven fiber, yarn or cloth. Pertaining to textile production or the textile industry.

Property of a material to convey or conduct heat.

Measurement of the dimensional expansion of an object subjected to an increase in temperature.

Time required for a heat processing system to respond to a change in set point temperature.

A sensor that changes resistance as a function of temperature. The device is designed to be placed within the heated work chamber and as the temperature changes the device will alter an electrical voltage signal proportional to the amount of heat sensed.

A temperature sensor consisting of a circuit of two wires of different metals welded together. Changing temperatures induce a voltage across the dissimilar materials. The voltage is proportional to the temperature change.

The ratio of the maximum BTUH firing capability to the minimum BTUH firing capability of the burner. Higher turn down ratios are desirable.

Underwriters Laboratories – an approval agency for components and finished products.

Insulated oven door that is raised open to allow loading and unloading of the work parts. Vertical Lift Doors are typically powered by electric motors and may include counterweights to reduce required HP of the drive. Vertical Lift Doors require less floor space than swing doors but an adequate ceiling height is required.

Volatile Organic Compounds are organic chemical compounds that can be found as products of combustion in heat processing applications. VOC’s are defined and regulated by government agencies such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the United States.

A unit of power that equals one joule per second, named after the Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer, James Watt.